exercise physiology – Seite 3

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Influense of exercise duration in HIT strength training

High intensity training (HIT) is a variant of single-set training. It is becoming increasingly popular in strength training practice. Contrary to the large number of research on multiple-set training, empirical investigations addressing HIT are rare. There is evidence that an important factor for muscle hypertrophy is the muscle time under tension (TUT). However, scientific knowledge about the optimal length of the TUT is lacking. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a rather short TUT (20–40 s) with a rather long TUT (50–70 s) during HIT strength training. Nine experienced recreational sportsmen completed a ten week HIT strength training either with the short or the long TUT.

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Polarized training: a systematic review

Background: In high performance sports, a large variety of training and periodization concepts are used in daily training. However, at present it is unclear which combination of intensity, training duration and training frequency is superior thus producing the best adaptations. A promising, yet poorly scientifically investigated concept is the concept of a polarized training periodization. Methods: Prospective Studies, which examined polarized training compared to other training concepts, were identified from searches in Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, SciVerse Science Direct and Web of Science.

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Physical activity and exercise training in preventive cardiology

Physical activity (PA) and exercise training (ET) are central and indispensable components for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In healthy individuals, PA reduces all-cause and CV mortality and has confirmed beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk profile. In secondary prevention, PA counselling und ET are two of the core components of a multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program. Exercise-based CR is an established strategy in the secondary prevention of CV disease. It improves survival, reduces hospital admissions, improves cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and quality of life (QoL).

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Increase in explosive strength using sensorimotor training: a study of acute effects

The knowledge of the effects of conditioning muscle activities on the following performances is highly relevant in professional sports. In this paper, an attempt was made to analyse the direct effects of a sensorimotor training (SMT) on the explosive leg strength. Therefore 28 physically active subjects were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). Subjects were tested on two separate days. Isometric maximum voluntary contractions were investigated in a leg press. Maximum rate of force development RFDmax as well as neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles were analysed in all subjects and compared between days.

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Sports and Ramadan – influence on endurance performance

The intermittent fasting of Ramadan could affect various aspects of body physiology and biochemistry important to athletic success. Sleep time may be shortened. Disturbance of psychomotor performance, impaired vigilance and slower reactions can be observed particularly during afternoon. Food intake is limited to night-time meals. Well disciplined athletes usually maintain energy balance unless daily energy expenditures are very high. Daytime fluid depletion is inevitable if athletes exercise in the heat.

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Tendons – Morphology, biology and biomechanics

The tendon has to be seen functionally within the muscle-tendon-unit. The tendon has to transmit the force that is produced by the muscle, but acts also as a spring that stores energy. The tendon itself consists of three parts: the tendon-bone insertion, the mid-portion area, and the muscle-tendon junction. The biomechanical properties belong primarily on type I collagen, that degenerates in case of tendinopathy.

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Validity of a 5-RM strength test for health and fitness

Appropriate alternatives to the 1-RM strength test are multiple repetition maximum strength tests, particularly considering recreational sports. In contrast to the 1-RM strength test, limited research of multiple repetition maximum strength tests has been conducted and thus causes a shortage of standardized and evaluated test protocols. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a 5-repetition maximum strength test, which excellent reliability was already confirmed, for the purposes of performance assessment and training control in recreational sports. Twenty-six healthy recreational athletes (25.9 ± 3.4 years;181.2 ± 5.1 cm;79.4 ± 8.7 kg) with at least one year experience of strength training completed two examinations, which implied a bench press exercise. In examination one, the 5-RM and the 1-RM was determined.

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Performance analysis in orienteering with consideration of both cognitive and physical aspects

The diagnostic protocol presented here allows orienteers to compare themselves to others in the sample and to analyse the proportion of physical and technical skills in their overall performance. In order to test the protocol 3 female and 11 male leisure athletes completed two short orienteering courses, one with four control points (distance 0.80 km, altitude 5 m) and one with eight (distance 1.95 km, altitude 40 m). The average running time was 6 min and 40 sec (± 2 min 18 sec) on the short and 17 min 36 sec (5 min ± 1 sec) on the long course when orienteering. After courses were marked with the optimum route running times decreased, as expected, to 3 min 45 sec (± 48 sec) on the short and 9 min 21 sec (± 1 min 19 sec) on the long course.

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Effects of cold water immersion or contrast on post-exercise recovery in acyclical sports : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Les différentes techniques d’immersion, en eau froide ou en eau contrastée représentent un fort intérêt pour les sportifs afin d’optimiser leur récupération. Un manque de consensus existe quant aux effets de ces modalités de récupération. Objectif: évaluer les effets des deux interventions à 24 heures post effort musculaire dans les sports acycliques. Méthode: revue systématique et méta-analyse. Quatre bases de données explorées (Pubmed, Cinahl, Web of Science, Cochrane). Indicateurs observés: courbatures (DOMS: Delayed onset Muscle Soreness), créatine kinase (CK), et capacités fonctionnelles.

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New findings in performance diagnostics for amateur cross-country skiers

We suggest that leisure cross country skiers can also profit from a serious endurance capacity diagnostic. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable and valid protocol in order to make serious recommendation for training schedule of athleths. In order to analyze the relationship between endurance performance and the technic specific capabilities of cross country skiing aiming to allow valid recommendations participants had to absolve two test protocols. The first test consisted of detecting running pace on a treadmill at a 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration. Second, participants had to absolve a Coopertest in skating technique on flat ground allowing to measure maximum distance absolved during 12 minutes and maximum heart rate.